spinoza

baruch¹ spinoza (1632-1677) was a philosopher who wrote tractatus theologico-politicus and ethicaethica
ethica is spinoza's magnum opus.

deleuze is careful to distinguish Spinoza's terms affectus (which he calls "affect") and affectio (which he calls "affection"). Spinoza's idea is a represe.... because he didn't believe in the traditional religion of his time, he was cast out of amsterdam's jewish community in 1656. spinoza's thinking was clearly influenced by descartesdescartes
descartes was a french philosopher and mathematician. he's not technically a part of skeptic but he has influences of its thought.
.

spinoza learned latinlatin
latin is a language belonging to the proto-indo-european family.
and he had a copy of metamorphosesmetamorphoses

omnia mutantur, nihil interit (15.165)


metamorphoses (Greek/Latin for transformations) is a lengthy narrative poem (is it an epic poem?) written in Latin by the Roman poet ovid. It cov....

deleuzedeleuze
gilles deleuze (18 january 1925 - 4 november 1995) was a french philosopher and, to me, the philosopher's philosopher and a sage. his work grapples with difference, creativity, though... says Spinoza was accused of materialism, immoralism, and atheism.

materialist. Through his idea of parallelism, Spinoza puts the body and mind on equal terms. But Spinoza invites us to take the body as a model. The body surpasses our knowledge of it, so too does thought surpass our consciousness of it. We only know the effects of what happens to our body or happens to our mind, we're not in the position to say what the direct causes are. So Adam imagines himself happy and perfect from the illusion of final causes, free decrees, and theology. Consciousness will take effects for causes, it will invoke its power over the body, and it will invoke God where it cannot imagine itself to be the first cause or organizer of ends.

immoralist. spinoza, like nietzschenietzsche
friedrich wilhelm nietzsche (1844-1900) was a philosopher from germany. in 1869, at the age of 24, he became a professor. his first book was The Birth of Tragedy, published in 1872, about greek tra... doesn't have good and evil, but he does have good and bad. It is good when a body compounds its relation with ours and increases our power with all or part of its own. The primary, objective meaning of good is agrees with our nature. The individual is good that joins with what agrees to his nature, combines his relations, and increases his power. Goodness is dynamism, power, composition of powers. So what we call Evil, illness, and death are just bad encounters, poisioning, intoxication, relational decomposition. In Spinoza's world, Ethics > Morality. Morality is about transcendent value structures, the judgement of God, system of judgement. The illusion of consciousness is the illusion of values.

atheist. Spinoza denounces the man with sad passions, the man who exploits them / needs them for power, and the man who is saddened by human condition and passions. The slave, the tyrant, and the priest. Sad passion joins cupidity to superstition; the slave and tyrant both hate life.