ethica is spinozaspinoza
baruch1 spinoza (1632-1677) was a philosopher who wrote tractatus theologico-politicus and ethica. because he didn't believe in the traditional religion of his time, he was cast out of amsterda...'s magnum opus.
deleuzedeleuze
gilles deleuze (18 january 1925 - 4 november 1995) was a french philosopher and, to me, the philosopher's philosopher and a sage. his work grapples with difference, creativity, though... is careful to distinguish Spinoza's terms affectus (which he calls "affect") and affectio (which he calls "affection"). Spinoza's idea is a representational mode of thought (e.g. a triangle). On the other hand, an affect is a mode of thought which doesn't represent anything (e.g. hope, pain, love). In the 17th century, Deleuze says, people took the idea to have primacy over the affect. Because to will something, or hope for something, love for something, etc., one has to have an idea, even a confused idea, about the object of their affect.