a stoic practices stoicism, the hellenistic philosophyhellenistic philosophy
hellenistic philosophy consists in reconstructions of socrates in stoic and epicureanism and aristotle.
founded by zeno of citium (c. 335-252 bc) who studied with platoplato
plato was a philosopher from athens, a disciple of socrates.
Following Sadler's advice.
deleuze
As mentioned in deleuze's philosophical lineage, Deleuze says in difference and repetiti...'s successors at the academy in athens. zeno taught at the stoa, meaning portico or porch and was succeeded by cleanthes, then chrysippus. only later on do we hear the more famous names of musonius rufus, epictetusepictetus
epictetus was a stoic.
If a philosopher's words fail to produce [the realization that the listener is in a bad way], they're lifeless and the speaker's a corpse too. (Discourses 3.23.8)
C..., seneca Private or Broken Links
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, marcus aurelius Private or Broken Links
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, though not a Stoic himself, was familiar enough with the school to write Paradoxa Stoicorum.
stoicism builds from socratessocrates
socrates was a philosopher from athens. he asked how should one live?
' thought. In particular,
- there is such a thing as eudaimonia.
- goodness of a thing is measured by its contribution to eudaimonia.
- eudaimonia is mostly about the soul, not the body or material wealth.
- in particular, virtue matters the most.
- the virtues are courage, justice, temperance, and wisdom.
- there is a structured study of virtue.
the other popular and rival school of philosophy was epicureanismepicureanism
epicureanism is the hellenistic philosophy from epicurus. It is a rival school to stoic.
. For the Stoics, happiness consists in following nature, which will make us virtuous (nietzschenietzsche
friedrich wilhelm nietzsche (1844-1900) was a philosopher from germany. in 1869, at the age of 24, he became a professor. his first book was The Birth of Tragedy, published in 1872, about greek tra... will question this idea later). The Stoics had a model of the perfect behavior in the Stoic sage. Strangely, the Stoics believed all vices are equally bad (Cicero writes about this). Whatever the Sage does would by definition, be good, but if a non-Sage does it, we can't say the same.
The Sage can live life more or less like a normal person. The difference is that they are indifferent to pleasure or pain. Instead of desire or fear, there is the selection of a promoted or disselection of a demoted.
So the basic principle of Stoicism is that one can withhold judgement, that perception is something we assent to. They used the word synkatathesis for assent. What do we assent to? We assent to a phantasia, or an impression.
Stoic Definition of Belief: a belief is an assent to an impression.
A kataleptic impression is one that (1) comes from what is, and (2) is stamped and sealed and molded in accordance with what is, and (3) is of such a sort that it could not come from what is not. Then, knowledge is a strong assent to a kataleptic impression.
To know something, I need strong, irreversible assent to a kataleptic impression. The Stoics think kataleptic impressions are common, but if the assent is week instead of strong, it is doxa, i.e. opinion and not knowledge. The Sage is not supposed to have any opinions.
Impulses can also be true or false, and, as you might expect, kataleptic. The Sage's impulses are kataleptic.
Virtue is an unshakeable and consistent disposition to assent only to katalpetic impulsive impressions.
the stoics believed in the model of life as a gamegame
a game is an institution for play. $G = (S, {P_i}{i=1}^{n}, {\Omega{P_i}}_{i=1}^{n})$
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They believed the nature of the cosmos is determined by Zeus/Fate/Reason.
stoicism definitely believes in logoslogos
the greek word logos is an important and complicated one, meaning speech or reason. In christian, it came to mean the word of God. The best example is john 1:1
en arkhêi ên ho lógos, ka... and rationalityrationality
The Twelve Virtues of Rationality:
curiosity, relinquishment, lightness, evenness, argument, empiricism, simplicity, humility, perfectionism, precision, scholarship, and the void.
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they worked on propositional logiclogic
logic (from logos) is a branch of philosophy and mathematics.
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